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The authors’ hypothesis was that the women’s deprived sunlight exposure, due to their conservative clothing, may have contributed to their higher incidence of acute leukemia ( Hassan, Islam et al. Similarly, a study in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) found that acute leukemia was more common among adult females than among adult males, despite the fact that the population of the UAE consists of more males than females, and acute leukemia is widely known to be more common in males. In addition, a large epidemiological study ( Boscoe and Schymura 2006) using data from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries and the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database found an inverse relationship between ultraviolet-B exposure and the incidence of leukemia however, this study did not examine vitamin D levels and would make it difficult to conclude that vitamin D played a role in increased incidence of leukemia. Therefore, winter months can significantly increase the percentage of the population with low levels of 25(OH)D 3, possibly increasing the risk of leukemia ( Bolland, Grey et al. It is estimated that 25(OH)D 3 levels can vary by 8 to 12 ng/ml from the mean population during different seasons. A possible explanation for this increase may be seasonal variation in levels of 25(OH)D 3. However, a study in northern Finland, where colder temperatures discourage extensive outdoor activities and minimize UV exposure during the winter months, found that majority of acute leukemia cases were diagnosed during the winter months of the year, rather than during the summer months ( Timonen 1999). The epidemiology of vitamin D levels have not been extensively studied in AML as it has in other solid tumors ( Toner, Davis et al. Epidemiologic evidence for vitamin D and leukemia The appropriate patient population selection and the development of optimum dosing and delivery schedule will maximize its clinical effect.Ģ. Vitamin D is a potentially exciting therapy for AML investigators due to its promising in vitrodata and its safety ( Trump, Deeb et al. In the early 1980s, in vitrodata showed the ability of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D 3 to differentiate acute myeloid leukemia (AML) into mature myeloid cells ( Miyaura, Abe et al.
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The well-established target organs of vitamin D are the intestines, kidney and bone, but several other tissues also express vitamin D receptors (VDR), including normal and neoplastic hematopoietic cells ( Haussler, Whitfield et al. Many studies suggest the detrimental effect of vitamin D insufficiency on heart, kidney, dermatologic, endocrine, and autoimmune diseases ( Gueli, Verrusio et al. There have been numerous publications regarding vitamin D, but no consensus has yet been reached as illustrated in Table 2.Īn epidemiologic study estimated that one billion people worldwide have subnormal vitamin D levels due to decreased exposure to sunlight or dietary inadequacy ( Holick 2011). There are currently no standards of measurement or methods to measure vitamin D levels in the clinical setting. Subnormal vitamin D levels as less than 32 ng/ml of 25(OH)D 3 ( Lee, HJ 2010). Vitamin D insufficiency as serum 25(OH)D 3 between 10-32ng/ml (25-75 nmol/L) ( Rosen 2011). 2011): Vitamin D deficiency as <10ng/ml (<25nmol/L) of 25(OH)D 3 in the serum. In this paper, we will use the following definitions for vitamin D levels ( Ross, Manson et al. Currently, the Institute of Medicine (2011) has put forth a guideline on recommended daily allowance and appropriate levels but this issue still remains controversial ( Toner, Davis et al. mass spectroscopy ( Yuan, Kosewick et al. Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) is the most commonly used methodology in the United States ( Hollis 2007) however, there are more sensitive and costly methods to measure vitamin D levels, e.g. Vitamin D body stores are reflected in the measurement of the serum level of the relatively stable (half-life approximately 3 weeks) surrogate marker 25 (OH) vitamin D 3. There are many different analogues of vitamin D as shown in table 1. Vitamin D is either stored in adipose tissue or converted in the liver by the enzyme 25-hydoxylase to 25(OH) vitamin D 3, the most stable metabolite of vitamin D that reflects solar and dietary exposure ( Binkley, Ramamurthy et al. Dietary intake of vitamin D is usually limited to selective foods, with the exception of certain kinds of fish which contain sizable amounts supplements are commonly used.
#Vitamin d video serial key skin#
Vitamin D is generated in the skin from the non-enzymatic conversion of pro-vitamin D 3 to pre-vitamin D 3. Also, the readily available supply of vitamin D allows for intervention. Monitoring has significantly increased as the awareness of its potential importance to health has increased.